While women regularly go for gynecological checkups, men lack a comparable routine. As a result, many men know surprisingly little about their intimate health, ignore symptoms for too long, and avoid visiting the doctor out of shame or insecurity. Yet the prostate, testicles, penis, and the entire urogenital region are no less in need of care or preventative attention than in women – just in different ways.

The good news: Most aspects of male intimate health are straightforward if you know what to look out for. From proper hygiene and testicular self-examination to prostate health checkups – with the right knowledge, you can identify and prevent potential problems early.

The bad news: Statistically, men are more negligent with their health. They go to the doctor less often, ignore symptoms longer, and die on average five to six years earlier than women. Part of this is biologically determined, but a significant portion is due to avoidable factors – including inadequate preventative care and delayed treatment.

This guide covers the most important topics in male intimate health: understanding anatomy and function, practicing proper hygiene, performing self-examination, recognizing symptoms, and knowing when to see a doctor. The goal is not to make you a hypochondriac, but to enable you to have a relaxed and informed relationship with your physical health.

Taboos help no one. The more openly and objectively you deal with these topics, the easier it will be to recognize, discuss and treat problems – whether with your partner, your doctor, or simply with yourself.

A basic understanding of male anatomy helps to distinguish normal from abnormal findings and to understand why certain preventative measures are important.

The penis consists of two erectile bodies (corpora cavernosa) for erection and a urethral erectile body (corpus spongiosum) that surrounds the urethra. The glans is covered by the foreskin – unless circumcision has taken place. Smegma, a secretion of sebaceous glands, dead skin cells, and moisture, naturally accumulates under the foreskin. Poor hygiene can lead to inflammation.

The testicles (testes) are the male gonads. They produce sperm and the sex hormone testosterone. Each testicle is about the size of a plum and lies in the scrotum, which keeps them slightly cooler than body temperature – important for sperm production. It is normal for one testicle to hang slightly lower than the other (usually the left one). The epididymis is located at the back of each testicle and serves to store and mature sperm.

The prostate is a chestnut-sized gland that surrounds the urethra just below the bladder. It produces part of the seminal fluid. With age, the prostate grows in most men – this is normal, but can cause symptoms (benign prostatic hyperplasia). The prostate is also where prostate cancer – the most common cancer in men – develops.

The urethra runs through the penis and serves for both urination and ejaculation. Its opening (meatus) is located at the tip of the glans. Burning or discharge from the urethra can indicate infection.

This anatomical knowledge is the basis for self-examination and recognizing changes. Get to know your body – only then can you notice deviations.

Intimate hygiene for men is straightforward, but is often neglected or performed incorrectly. The right routine keeps the genital area clean, prevents infections and odor, and is part of healthy self-care.

Daily washing is essential. Cleanse your genital area daily with warm water. If you wish to use a cleansing product, choose a mild, unscented wash lotion – harsh soaps can irritate sensitive skin. Perfumed products are unnecessary and can cause irritation.

For uncircumcised men: Gently retract the foreskin and thoroughly clean the glans and the inside of the foreskin. Smegma accumulates here, which, if not properly cleaned, can lead to odor and inflammation (balanitis). After washing, retract the foreskin. In circumcised men, this area is less prone to smegma buildup, but daily washing remains important.

Don't forget the scrotum. The skin of the scrotum has many sweat glands and can sweat, especially during physical activity. Wash thoroughly and dry carefully – moisture promotes fungal growth.

Perianal area: The area between the scrotum and anus, and the anus itself, should also be cleaned. Wash from front to back to avoid transferring intestinal bacteria towards the urethra.

Drying is important. Moisture in skin folds promotes fungal infections and intertrigo (skin inflammation in folds). Dry thoroughly, especially in the groin and under the scrotum. If you are prone to dryness, a light powder (without talc) can help.

Change your underwear daily and choose breathable materials. Tight synthetic underwear can promote sweating and chafing. Cotton or technical fabrics are better.

Testicular cancer is the most common malignant tumor in young men between the ages of 15 and 35. The good news is that it is almost always curable if detected early – the cure rate is over 95 percent. Self-examination of the testicles is therefore one of the most important preventative measures for men.

When and how often? Once a month is sufficient. A good time is after a warm shower or bath, when the scrotum is relaxed and the testicles hang lower.

The technique: Take one testicle between your thumb and index/middle finger and gently roll it between your fingers. Feel the entire surface. A normal testicle feels smooth and firm, somewhat like a boiled egg without its shell. The epididymis at the back feels softer and slightly more irregular – this is normal. Repeat the process with the other testicle.

What to look out for? Check for lumps, hardening, swelling, or changes in size. A testicle that is noticeably larger or smaller. Painful areas. A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. Any change that is new and feels different than last time.

What is normal? Slight size differences between the two testicles are normal. One testicle usually hangs a little lower. The epididymis may appear lumpy. Occasional mild tenderness, especially when pressed, is normal.

When to see a doctor? For any new lump or hardening – even if it's painless. Painless lumps are more typical of cancer than painful ones. For swelling of a testicle that isn't due to injury. For persistent dull pain in the lower abdomen or scrotum. For a feeling of heaviness.

Not every lump is cancerous – cysts, varicoceles, or spermatoceles are much more common and harmless. But only a medical examination can clarify this. Don't wait, make an appointment soon.

The prostate is a small organ with a large potential for problems. Most men develop benign enlargement over the course of their lives, and prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Understanding prostate health and prevention options is therefore crucial.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – the benign enlargement of the prostate gland – affects about 50 percent of men over 50 and up to 90 percent of those over 80. Because the prostate surrounds the urethra, the enlargement typically leads to urinary symptoms: frequent urge to urinate, especially at night (nocturia), weak or interrupted urine stream, a feeling of incomplete emptying, and post-void dribbling. BPH is bothersome, but not malignant and not a risk factor for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men (approximately 65,000 new cases per year in Germany) and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The risk increases with age: prostate cancer is rare under 50, but its incidence increases after age 50. Other risk factors include a family history of the disease (father or brother affected) and African ancestry.

Prostate cancer screening is a controversial topic. The PSA test (prostate-specific antigen) can show elevated levels that indicate cancer – but also benign enlargement, inflammation, or other causes. An elevated PSA often leads to further investigations (biopsy), which can have complications, and to the discovery of cancers that might never have become symptomatic (overdiagnosis).

Current recommendations are therefore nuanced: no widespread screening, but informed decision-making in consultation with a doctor. Men aged 45 and older (or 40 and older with a family history of prostate cancer) should discuss the benefits and risks of the PSA test with their doctor and make an individual decision. A digital rectal examination (palpation of the prostate through the rectum) is part of a urological examination and can detect any hardening.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) affect men and women equally, but some infections have different symptoms in men or are diagnosed differently. Understanding this is important for prevention, early detection, and protecting partners.

Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STI. Many men have no symptoms, but if they do, they typically include watery or purulent discharge from the urethra, burning during urination, and testicular pain or swelling. If left untreated, a chlamydia infection can lead to epididymitis and, theoretically, impair fertility. Diagnosis is made via a urine test or swab, and treatment involves antibiotics.

Gonorrhea (the clap) is more common in men than in women, causing symptoms such as purulent discharge, burning during urination, and pain. Diagnosis and treatment are similar to those for chlamydia; however, antibiotic resistance is increasing in gonorrhea, making complete treatment and monitoring essential.

Syphilis progresses in stages. In the primary stage, a painless ulcer (chancre) appears at the point of entry – on the penis, but also in the mouth or anal area. Without treatment, further stages follow with a variety of symptoms. Syphilis is easily treatable with antibiotics, but cases are on the rise again in Germany. A blood test provides a definitive diagnosis.

Genital herpes (HSV-2, sometimes also HSV-1) causes painful blisters in the genital area. After the initial infection, the virus remains in the body for life and can reactivate. There is no cure, but antiviral medications can shorten outbreaks and reduce the likelihood of transmission.

HPV also affects men – it can cause genital warts and certain types of cancer (anal, throat, and penile cancer). Vaccination is also recommended for men.

The DoctorBox STI test allows for discreet home testing for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis C. Regular testing—especially with multiple partners or after unprotected sex—is part of responsible sexual health.

Not every twinge or change is cause for panic, but some symptoms should be taken seriously. Here's an overview of common complaints and their possible causes.

Genital itching can have many causes: fungal infections (tinea cruris, jock itch), contact dermatitis from soaps or detergents, dryness, friction, and, rarely, parasites such as pubic lice or scabies. If itching persists despite good hygiene and changing personal care products, a visit to the doctor is advisable.

Redness or a rash can indicate a fungal infection, an allergic reaction, contact dermatitis, or rarer skin conditions. Persistent redness, especially if it spreads or is accompanied by other symptoms, should be investigated.

Testicular pain can have harmless causes (overuse, minor injury) or indicate more serious problems: testicular torsion (an emergency – the testicle twists and the blood supply is cut off), epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis), orchitis (inflammation of the testicle), inguinal hernia. Sudden, severe testicular pain is an emergency – go to the emergency room immediately.

Erectile problems can have organic causes (circulatory disorders, nerve damage, hormonal problems) or be psychogenic. Occasional erectile difficulties are normal and usually stress-related. Persistent problems should be investigated by a doctor – they can also be an early warning sign of cardiovascular disease.

Urinary symptoms such as frequent urge to urinate, weak stream, burning, or pain can indicate a urinary tract infection, prostate problems, or STIs. Blood in the urine always requires investigation.

Changes to the penis – new lumps, growths, discoloration, non-healing wounds – should be medically evaluated. Penile cancer is rare, but not impossible.

Fertility isn't just a women's issue – in about half of couples struggling with infertility, the causes lie at least partly with the man. Understanding male fertility and the factors that influence it is important for men who want children, but also for their overall health.

Sperm quality is influenced by many factors. Positive factors: A healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats. Normal body weight. Regular moderate exercise. Sufficient sleep. Stress management. Negative factors: Smoking (reduces sperm count and motility). Excessive alcohol consumption. Anabolic steroids (severe impairment, even complete suppression). Overheating of the testicles (sauna visits, tight underwear, laptop on the lap – short-term effects). Certain medications. Significant obesity.

Testosterone is the key male sex hormone. It influences libido, muscle mass, bone density, mood, and many other functions. Testosterone levels naturally decline with age—about one percent per year after age 30. Clinically significant testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism) can lead to symptoms such as low libido, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, mood swings, and muscle loss. A blood test can determine testosterone levels, and replacement therapy may be considered if a true deficiency is present.

Erectile function is closely linked to overall vascular health. The arteries in the penis are smaller than the coronary arteries – circulatory problems therefore often manifest first as erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction can be an early warning sign of cardiovascular disease. This is another reason not to ignore such symptoms, but to have them checked by a doctor.

Lifestyle factors for sexual health are largely identical to those for general health: not smoking, alcohol in moderation, healthy diet, regular exercise, normal weight, sufficient sleep.

Men go to the doctor less often than women – often due to uncertainty about which doctor is responsible for their case, or out of embarrassment. Here's a guide on when and to whom you should go.

A urologist is a specialist in the male urinary and reproductive organs. They are responsible for: prostate health checkups and problems, testicular examinations and testicular cancer, urinary tract disorders, erectile dysfunction and other sexual dysfunctions, fertility issues, and STIs of the urogenital tract. The first visit to a urologist should take place no later than age 45 (or earlier if symptoms are present or there is a family history of prostate cancer) to discuss prostate health checkups.

Your family doctor is a good first point of contact for general health concerns and can refer you to a specialist if necessary. They are also an option for STI tests, blood tests, and consultations.

The dermatologist (skin doctor) is responsible for skin diseases in the genital area, fungal infections and sometimes also STIs (dermato-venereology).

Go to the doctor or emergency room immediately if you experience: Sudden, severe testicular pain (suspected testicular torsion – emergency!). Blood in your urine or semen. Fever accompanied by testicular or abdominal pain. Acute urinary retention (inability to urinate).

Schedule an appointment promptly if you experience: new lumps or hardening in the testicles; persistent urinary symptoms (frequent urge to urinate, weak stream); urethral discharge; persistent genital pain; persistent erectile dysfunction; or skin changes that do not heal.

Don't be ashamed: Urologists and other doctors are professionals who deal with these issues every day. There's nothing they haven't seen before, and nothing you should be ashamed of. The sooner you go, the easier the solution usually is.

How often should I get checked out?

You should examine your testicles yourself once a month – it only takes a few minutes. A urological check-up (including prostate counseling) is recommended from age 45, or from age 40 if there is a family history of STIs. STI tests should be done regularly with multiple partners – the frequency depends on individual risk behavior. If in doubt: A comprehensive check-up with your family doctor once a year, including blood work and basic screening, supplemented by a visit to a urologist from middle age onwards.

Is a prostate exam painful?

The digital rectal examination (palpation of the prostate through the rectum) is uncomfortable, but not truly painful. It only takes a few seconds. The doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum and palpates the prostate to check its size, consistency, and any hardening. Many men find the psychological hurdle greater than the actual discomfort. The examination can detect suspicious hardening that a PSA test alone might not show.

Is it normal for one testicle to be larger than the other?

Yes, slight differences in size and one testicle hanging lower (usually the left one) are completely normal. A sudden or significant increase in the size of one testicle is cause for concern, especially if it is accompanied by hardening, lumps, or a feeling of heaviness. If in doubt, an ultrasound examination by a urologist can provide clarity.

Can tight underwear affect fertility?

Theoretically, yes – the testicles are located outside the body because sperm production requires a slightly lower temperature than core body temperature. Very tight underwear that holds the testicles close to the body could raise the temperature. However, the effects are likely minor and reversible. For men trying to conceive, switching to looser underwear might be helpful, but there's no need to panic. Factors like smoking, being overweight, and overall health are more important for fertility.

What does bloody semen mean?

Blood in the semen (hematospermia) is alarming, but in most cases harmless. Common causes include minor vascular injuries, inflammation of the prostate or seminal vesicles. In men under 40 without other symptoms, the problem often resolves itself. In men over 40, in cases of persistent hematospermia, or if other symptoms are present (pain, urinary problems), a urological examination should be performed to rule out less common causes.

How can I prevent fungal infections in the genital area?

Fungal infections (tinea cruris, jock itch) thrive in warm, moist environments. Prevention: Dry thoroughly after showering, especially in the groin area. Wear breathable cotton underwear. Change out of sweaty clothes promptly after exercise. If you tend to sweat, a powder (without talc) can help. Treat with an antifungal cream at the first signs (redness, itching in the groin).

Should I get circumcised?

Circumcision is medically indicated in cases of phimosis (foreskin constriction) that causes discomfort and in cases of recurrent inflammation under the foreskin. Without a medical indication, circumcision in adulthood is a personal decision. Advantages: Somewhat easier hygiene, slightly reduced risk of certain infections. Disadvantages: Surgical procedure with risks, possible changes in sensitivity. The World Health Organization recommends circumcision in high-prevalence regions for HIV prevention, but this is not a strong argument in Germany.

How do I recognize genital warts?

Genital warts (condylomas) appear as soft, flesh-colored or light gray growths. They can occur singly or in groups, sometimes resembling cauliflower. Typical locations include the penis, scrotum, groin, and anal area. They are usually painless but can itch. Not every bump in the genital area is a wart—sebaceous glands (Fordyce spots), papular glands of the penis, and other harmless structures can look similar. If in doubt, consult a dermatologist or urologist for clarification.

Does cycling affect the prostate or fertility?

There is evidence that excessive cycling (several hours daily) can cause problems due to saddle pressure on the perineal area: numbness, erectile dysfunction, and possibly prostatitis-like symptoms. This is not a significant risk for casual and recreational cyclists. Those who cycle frequently should use an anatomically shaped saddle, change position regularly, and take a break if symptoms occur. Moderate cycling has not been proven to impair fertility.

What is a varicocele and does it need to be treated?

A varicocele is a dilation of the veins in the scrotum, similar to varicose veins. It usually occurs on the left side and feels like a 'bag full of worms' above the testicle. Varicoceles are common (10-15% of men) and usually harmless. Treatment is only necessary if they cause pain or if the varicocele is large and potentially affects fertility. In men with an unfulfilled desire to have children and a large varicocele, surgical correction can improve sperm quality.

When should I get an STI test?

After unprotected sex with a new partner, especially if their STI status is unknown. If you experience symptoms such as discharge, burning during urination, or genital sores. Regularly (at least annually) with frequently changing partners or partners at increased risk. Before starting a new relationship if both partners want a 'clean start'. After a partner has been diagnosed with an STI. Even without symptoms – many STIs are asymptomatic. The DoctorBox STI test offers a discreet and reliable way to check for the most common infections.